Early Western Civilization A Gift Of Peace From The Past, The Ancient

Early Western Civilization A Gift of Peace from the Past, The Ancient Olympics Since 1896, the year the Olympics were resurrected from ancient history, the Olympics have been a symbol of the camaraderie and harmony possible on a global scale. The gathering of athletic representatives, the pride of the pack, from participating governments, even throughout the recent Cold War period, is proof that world unity is possible; just as it was in Ancient Greece with the polis or city-states. Olympic Games were held throughout Ancient Greece, but the most famous are the games that were held in Olympia in honor of Zeus every four years from August 6th to September 19th. The first record of these games is of one Coroebus of Elis, a cook, winning a sprint race in 776 BC. Most historians believe the games to have been going on for approximately 500 years before this. In the year Coroebus was made a part of history, there was apparently only one simple event, a race called the stade. The tr ack was said to be one stade long or roughly 210 yards. In subsequent games, additional events were to be added, most likely to increase the challenge to these amazing athletes. In 724 BC, the diaulos, a two stade race, was added, followed by a long distance race, about 2 ? miles and called the dolichos, at the next games four years later. Wrestling and the famous Pentathlon were introduced in 708 BC. The Pentathlon consisted of five events; the long jump, javelin throw, discus throw, foot race, and wrestling. The Pentathlons, especially the successful ones, were often treated and even worshipped like gods. Because of their exquisite physiques, they were used as the models for statues of the Greek Gods. The superior athletic ability of these athletes affects the games even today. The twisting and throwing method of the discus throw, which originated in Ancient Greece, is still used today. The original events were even more challenging than those of today. The modern discus w eighs in at just 5 pounds, one-third of the original weight, and the long jumps were done with the contestant carrying a five pound weight in each hand. The pit to be traversed in this jump allowed for a 50 foot jump, compared to just over 29 feet in our modern Olympics. Apparently, the carried weights, used correctly, could create momentum to carry the athlete further. Legend has it that one Olympian cleared the entire pit by approximately 5 feet, breaking both legs as he landed. One significant difference between the modern and ancient games; the original Olympians competed in the nude. Because of this, the 45,000 spectators consisted of men and unwed virgin women only. The only exception to this would be the priestess of Demeter who was also the only spectator honored with a seat. The young unwed women were allowed to watch to introduce them to men in all their splendor and brutality whereas it was felt that married women should not see what they could not have. In addition, the virgins had their own event which occurred on the men's religious day of rest. Called the Haria, in honor of Hara the wife of Zeus, the young women would race dressed in a short tunic which exposed the right breast. Traditionally, Spartan women dominated this event, being trained from birth for just this purpose. The religious undertones of the events became extremely apparent on the third day of the games when a herd of 100 cows were killed as a sacrifice to Zeus. In actuality, only the most useless parts were burned in honor of Zeus; most of the meat would be cooked and eaten that day. The sacrifices were conducted on a huge cone-shaped alter built up from the ashes of previously sacrificed animals. The mound was so large, the Greeks would cut steps into the cone after discovering it could be hardened by adding water and drying. Another ingenious invention was a system to prevent early starts in the foot races. It consisted of a bar in front of the runners to ensure th ey all start at the same time. This most likely was viewed as a blessing by

70+ Plot Twist Ideas and Examples To Blow Your Readers Away

70+ Plot Twist Ideas and Examples To Blow Your Readers Away 70+ Plot Twist Ideas and Examples Guaranteed to Blow Your Mind Away As R.L. Stine once said, â€Å"Every story ever told can be broken down into three parts. The beginning. The middle. And the plot twist.†The legendary plot twist is a staple in almost every genre and medium of storytelling - one that’s fun to read but hard to write. To help you become a veritable Chubby Checker, here's a definitive resource that's all about the art of the twist.What is a plot twist?A plot twist is a story development that readers do not expect in which either something shocking happens or something shocking is revealed. Generally, the storyteller will set up expectations and then "twist" those expectations by revealing new information through subsequent plot points.The criteria for a plot twist tends to be made up of the following:It must be narratively sound,It must be unexpected, andIt might be foreshadowed.To no-one’s surprise, plot twists are particularly prevalent in mysteries, thrillers, and suspense fiction. However, the twist takes no pr isoners and has reared its head in almost every genre out there, which brings us to†¦Want to read some of the best, most twisted thrillers and suspense books out there? Check out these 50 best suspense books of all time, or our list of  23 psychological thrillers that will make your head spin.50+ plot twist ideas in pop cultureIf you seek inspiration for crafting your own twists, there’s no better place to start than with some of the most popular unexpected plot-turns in film and literature. But be warned: there be spoilers ahead. With that in mind, here are over 50 examples of plot twists in film and literature. Just in: SEVENTY plot twist ideas to fuel your story! I Am Your FatherMum’s the word when it comes to family secrets, right? Not so fast. This is the plot twist that concerns a revelation about the key character’s family. It could be that there is a surprising reveal regarding parentage - or perhaps it’s uncovered that the protagonist was an orphan all along.Made legendary by Star Wars, this type of plot twist is nevertheless widespread in all genres and mediums, as there’s no drama quite like family drama. As George Carlin once said: â€Å"The other night I ate at a real nice family restaurant. Every table had an argument going.†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Star Wars: The Empire Strikes Back. In a pivotal battle, Luke discovers that Darth Vader, his ultimate nemesis, is actually his father.Angels Demons. Robert Langdon is shocked by the revelation that the late pope’s aide is actually His Holyness’s’s son - conceived through artificial insemination.Shutter Island. During an investigation of a disap pearance from a remote asylum, U.S. Marshal Edward â€Å"Teddy† Daniels realizes that he himself is the missing patient - and the husband and murderer of the woman that he had been trying to locate.More plot twist examples of this flavor:The Man From Earth. Right before he dies from a heart attack, Will learns that the unaging Professor John Oldman is actually his father.Oldboy.   Mysteriously imprisoned for 15 years, Oh Dae-su falls in love with a young restaurant chef who is later revealed to be his daughter.The Kite Runner. Amir has mixed feelings when he discovers that his closest childhood friend, Hassan, is his half-brother.The Wizard of Oz. Dorothy is befuddled to discover that the Wizard of Oz is a middle-aged man using a microphone.The Prestige. Robert Angier, a rival stage magician, doesn’t realize that â€Å"Alfred Borden† is actually a double act of twin brothers until it’s too late.Gossip Girl. The end of the series pans to a shot of Dan H umphrey, revealing that he was Gossip Girl all along.Did we say that there were only 55 examples in this list? Well, how about THIS twist: here are 15 more!10+ plot twist ideas for youNow that you have an idea of what plot twists look like, you might find it easier to write your own. But in case you’re still struggling to come up with a twist, here are some hypothetical scenarios to jumpstart your thinking.56. CHARACTER A is persuaded by CHARACTER B that it is all a dream - when it’s actually not.57. A gift from CHARACTER B to CHARACTER A is really a trap.58. It is revealed that the NARRATOR is Death.59. An ARCHAEOLOGIST at a dig comes across his own skeleton.60. CHARACTER A discovers the real identity of CHARACTER B through an old yearbook.61. It is revealed that all the sounds that CHARACTER A has heard throughout his life has been inside his own head.62. CHARACTER A believes he is in Hell. It’s actually Earth.63. It is revealed that CHARACTER A and CHARACTER B are not themselves because they were body-swapped.64. CHARACTER A is informed that the previous events were actually part of an alternate reality simulation.65. It is revealed that SANTA CLAUS is real.66. A promise that CHARACTER A and CHARACTER B made when they were children is not really what they think it to be.67. CHARACTER A is set up with CHARACTER B, a rich politician, and finds herself falling in love with CHARACTER B’S GIRLFRIEND.68. CHARACTER A goes on a series of blind dates without realizing that it is all being filmed for the next experimental season of The Bachelor.69. A key strength of CHARACTER A becomes a key weakness.70. CHARACTER A experiences puzzling and unexplained flashbacks because she is the reincarnation of GEORGE WASHINGTON.Now, over to youA well-written plot twist makes for some of the most exciting, mind-blowing, and dramatic stories in history, which is why it’s so important to get it right. Here’s the second plot twist for this post: it’s now up to you to write your own.And before you go, here’s one more: you don’t have to be alone when writing it. Leave your best (or favorite) plot twists below in the comments, and we’ll reply to every one of them!Are you writing your own plot twists? How is it going? If you'd like to share your experiences or bounce ideas off of us, just comment below.

Shakespeare Othello Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Shakespeare Othello - Essay Example Shakespeare’s play Othello is set in Venice and Cyprus and involves a general named Othello, a person of black decent living among the whites. Despite having an African heritage, Othello is a general in the Venetian army and is happily married to Desdemona, a white woman (Othello 870). However, Roderigo; a rich young man was jealous of the marriage between Desdemona and Othello since he had been pursuing her love in vain. Therefore, he unites with Iago who hates Othello for favoring the inexperienced soldier, Michael Cassio. Othello promoted Cassio to the lieutenant position instead of Iago who had a lot of experience. They ganged up against Othello and started planning on how to ruin both his marriage and life. Discrimination occurs due to various reasons such as envy, desire for power and fear. Racism is frequently viewed in terms of morphological features like hair type, skin color, as well as facial looks (Rizzo 65). Just like in Shakespeare’s plays, Moors and other foreigners are identified by use of skin color. This play actually presents racist message when Othello, a character of African origin is insulted due to his race. For instance, in the play, he is referred as â€Å"The lustful Moor† (Shakespeare 2.1.290) Consequently, Othello is regarded as â€Å"An old black ram†¦ tupping your white ewe† (Shakespeare, 1.1.110-6). Consequently, he is seen as â€Å"a Barbary horse† to †¦, make the beast †¦backs† (Shakespeare 1.1.110-6). These are racist insults of animal imagery directed at Othello because of is of African origin. He is seen as animal of lower status compared to the whites within Venice. However, I do not agree with the assessment of the play and the playwright that Shakespeare is a racist. This is because Shakespeare never considered race a central theme in his works. Instead, his comprehensive soul established an impressive racial vision. He comprehended many things related to racism there by making him develop an impartial attitude towards different races within his surroundings (Moore 121). Consequently, five of Shakespearean plays focused on racial problems within his white centered Christendom society. This clearly proves that Shakespeare identifies the existence of racial differences though he is not a racist. Despite presence of sexual jokes as well as animal imagery directed to Othello, it is wrong for critics to consider Shakespeare a racist. Shakespeare is an impartial and humanitarian dramatist championing for interracial equality liberty, as well as fraternity. In fact, he encourages everyone to shy away or come out of racial bond, which cuts human hearts. Thus, we should discard racism since it cuts human hearts resulting in tragedies rather than curing the same (Bloom 78). Further, some critics argue that the sexual jokes as well as animal imagery within the play are forms of racial discrimination directed by Shakespeare towards Othello. For instance, he is referred as an old black ram spoiling Brabantio’s white ewe. The other instance is when Othello is considered a Barbary horse covering Desdemona would later produce a beast with two backs (Shakespeare 1.1.110-6). Consequently, Othello is portrayed as a person who gets angry faster. This is proved when he believes in the lies of Iago concerning the purported affair between her and Cassio. The lie angers him so much and makes him jealous of Cassio. Later, it

Research Methods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Research Methods - Essay Example Twin studies are particularly suited to separate the environmental and genetic backgrounds of an abundance of traits such as intelligence, schizophrenia and alcohol dependence (Winerman 2004). In trying to determine whether genetics plays a role in intelligence both intelligence quotient (IQ) test and MRI Scans. The brains of about ten identical twins and ten fraternal twins could be scanned. Since identical twins have identical genes, tests for correlation should show close to 100% for identical twins while tests for and fraternal twins would show correlation closer to 50% since they are not likely to have identical genes. In terms of schizophrenia a number of identical twins are tested for the disease. If both identical twins carry the disease they are concordant. If they do not then they are discordant. The rate of concordance determines whether the disease is hereditary Schizophrenia.com (n.d.). According to About.com (n.d.), in terms of alcoholism twin studies would compare the incidence of alcoholism of identical twins with that in fraternal twins. If there is any genetic component in the risk of alcoholism then identical twins with identical genes are be expected to show similar histories of either developing alcoholism or not developing alcoholism. Fraternal twins, on the other hand, who are genetically different individuals, are more likely to differ in their tendencies as it relates to alcoholism. Motluk, A (2001). IQ is Inherited, suggests twin study. News Scientist: 5th Nov 2001. Retrieved: http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn1520-iq-is-inherited-suggests-twin-study.html Last accessed 31st Mar

Impact of Smartphones on Students

Impact of Smartphones on Students Problem Statement With the advanced technology nowadays, smartphone is viewed as a important device and an integral part of the Malaysian society. According to The Sun Daily Report, a last year concluded analysis revealed that Malaysias smartphone penetration has increased to 63% in year 2013 from 47% in 2012, while tablet penetration has increased almost three times to become 39% from 14% (Afrizal, 2013). University students are among the highest contributors to the increasing number of smart phone sales (Jacob Isaac, 2008). However, often use of smartphone can become a habit or dependency of student and indirectly affect their lifestyle. There are several general aspects of lifestyle have been categorized, such as health, education, psychology, socialization and security, in which may be in the positive side or the negative side. Regarding impact of smartphone in business field, Rashedul Islam, Rofiqul Islam Tahidul Arafhin Mazumder (2010) states that the drastic growth of the businesses during past few years is mainly because the rising use of smartphones and the mobile application. Smartphone has made the feature of advertising business sector becomes interesting and effective. However, the negative impact of smartphone is towards the PCs market as shown in survey result of year 2011, smartphone’s shipment in that full year was 487.7 millions, exceeds PCs with 17.63%. Smartphones nowadays are much more fomidable than the PCs that 10 more years ago, people are now using the smartphone to check news feed, status update and photo posting as well (Mogg, 2012). Microsoft-Intel Alliance as the long dominated of PCs also faced pressure to get into the market of mobile device. Soon, PCs may be replaced by smartphone as smartphone seems to have a optimistic growth in the future although there is still millio n sales of PCs in every year (eWeek, 2012). Accordingly health surveys regarding smartphone done by Sarwar Soomro (2013), most of the users in USA use smart phone to search for the information and facilities related to health. Many health mobile applications are available stimulate users for prescription management, encourage other options of treatment, offer price comparison and verification of prescriptions as well. However, Russian and Eastern European scientists issued the earliest reports that low level exposure to RF radiation of smart phone could cause a wide range of health effects, including behavioural changes, effects on the immunological system, reproductive effects, changes in hormone levels, headaches, irritability, fatigue, and cardiovascular effects (Russian National Committee, n.d.). In addition, research of World Health Organization suggested this behaviour is similar to a compulsive-impulsive disorder, whereby an inability to access the services are associated with negative health consequences, including wi thdrawal and depression and other negative repercussions such as social isolation and fatigue (WHO, 2011). According to Coleman (2013), smartphones can also contribute to the deterioration of our eyes, squash our spines, give us saggy jowls, damage our hearing, damage our sleep cycle and cause dark circles under our eyes. Meanwhile, in term of education, Sarwar Soomro (2013) indicated that smartphone has provided society to be exposed towards huge amount of educational and learning purposes due to internet availability and increasing demand of smartphone. Regarding the survey of King (2012), majority of the American adults think that smartphone usage contributes a positive impact towards the youth’s education in America, eg. E-readers for study purpose. Students with the help of technology are able to access educational programs (Font, 2013). For instance Dell has launched Youth Learning (an alphabetization initiative) which support the learning programs. Besides that, smartphone provides a basic human need to help students relieve their boredom and decompression between tasks (Shawn Knight, 2012). However, there is some negative impact of smartphone dependency on education. Over dependency of smartphone can leads to addiction, means although there is no real need’s communication, still hope to have constant communication with outside through social network. (Lee, 2012). According to the The Times of India: Health, (2013) experts said that our memory will be reduced and cognitive thinking will be killed when using the smartphonealthough it makes the life more convenient and easier. People now depend much on the search engine through smartphone cause them to become poor thinker and getting more lazy than before. For impact onto psychology, based on another research of Sarwar Soomro (2013) conducted, there is a positive impact onto human psychological, smartphone is used for reduction of tension work life. Nowadays, keep update with the latest news is very vital process for reducing tension. However, negative impact of smartphone dependency exists. Spending more than seven hours a day using smartphones and experiencing symptoms such as anxiety, insomnia and depression when cut off from the device is considered as addiction (Nam, 2013). Students who are addicted to smartphones not only distract themselves from studies, but also damage their interpersonal skills. According to Sarwar and Soomro (2013), addiction to smartphones affects our quality of sleep as well as creates friction in our social and family life. For lifestyle of socialization, the survey of Yi-Fan Chen done in U.S. College shows that students have several strong socialization motives for using the mobile phone to contact both family and friends (CHEN, 2007). Smartphone features, for examples, text to speech, GPS and social Websites, people can easily remain integrated with society especially those with special needs and elderly age (Sarwar Soomro, 2013). However, the report of Amanda (2012) shows that over dependent of smartphone brings the impact of there is only 35% of the teens who owns a smart phone have face-to-face socializing outside of school. According to Teoh (2011), Americans are socializing and spending the average time of 2.7 hours per day on their mobile device. The time people used to socialize via mobile device is twice of the time spending on eating and is more than one third of time spending on sleeping per day. For impact of smartphone on security, Sarwar Soomro (2013) stated that safety of children can be known by parents with the availability of Internet connection through a Smartphone. Furthermore, by setting up password security, it can protect the sensitive data inside the smartphone and also restricts access in case the smartphone was lost or been stolen. (BullGuard Security Centre, 2013) According to Enisa’s report (2010), the data leakage from smartphone may affected our assets throughout such as personal data, corporate intellectual property, classified information, financial assets and etc. If smart phone user lost the smartphone, for example, every information like address, e-mail, log data in web browser, SMS (Short Message Service) and etc. can be exposed if there is no appropriate security solutions (Smith, 2011). Next target for criminal attacks likely will be smartphone and social networking site (Sarwar Soomro, 2013). According to WhoCalledMyPhone.Net (as cited in Darrell, 2013), 24% of smartphone users check their phone while driving, which can directly cause accidents or fatal accidents. In short, smartphone has contributed positive impacts to human, but too much dependent on smartphone also cause negative consequences. Hence, our study will put more effort on the impacts of smartphone dependency into lifestyle. Smartphone brings impact to various fields such as business, health, education, psychology, socialization and security as well. However, during our research, the target of study area is among undergraduate students in UUM. Hence, some fields are not suitable for students for instance business. In short, there are only five lifestyles which will be used for our survey, include health, education, psychology, socialization and security. References Afrizal. (2013, September 5). Malaysia’s smartphone penetration rises by 16%. The SunDaily. Retrieved March 2, 2014 from http://www.thesundaily.my/news/820932 Amanda, L. (2012). Teens, Smartphones Texting. Pew Research Center’s Internet American Life Project , pp. 1-34. BullGuard Security Centre. (2013). Eight ways to keep your smartphone safe: Mobile Security. Retrieved March 23, 2014, from http://www.bullguard.com/bullguard-security-center/mobile-security/mobile-protection-resources/8-ways-to-keep-your-smartphone-safe.aspx CHEN, Y.-F. (2007). The mobile phone and socialization: The consequences of mobile phone use in transitions from family to school life of U.S. college students . Journal of Cyber Culture and Information Society , pp. 1-152. Coleman, C. (2013, July 21). How your mobile can give you acne†¦not to mention asaggy jaw and sleepless nights. Daily Mail. Retrieved March 18, 2014, fromhttp://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-2372752/How-MOBILE-acnemention-saggy-jaw-sleepless nights.html?ITO=1490ns_mchannel=rssns_campaign=1490 Darrell, R. (2013). The impressive effects of smartphones on society (infographic). Bit Rebels. Retrieved March 18, 2014, from http://www.bitrebels.com/technology/the-effects-of-smartphones-on-society/ eWeek, September 5, 2012, †Intel Microsoft Influence Declining as Smartphones Tablets Rise Analysts 342948†, http://business.highbeam.com/137475/article-1G1-301713950/intelmicrosoft-influence-declining-smartphones-tablets ENISA (n.d.). Top Ten Smartphone Risk. Retrieved 17 March 2014, from http://www.enisa.europa.eu/activities/Resilience-and-CIIP/critical-applications/smartphone-security-1/top-ten-risks Gehi, R. (2013, December 3). Your smartphone is destroying your memory. The Times of India. Retrieved 23 March, from http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/health-fitness/health/Your-smartphone-is-destroying-your-memory/articleshow/19412724.cms Jacob, S.M. and Isaac, B. (2008).The mobile devices and its mobile learning usage analysis. Proceedings of the International Multi-conference of Engineers and Computer Scientists, Hong Kong, Vol. 1, March, 19-21, pp. 782-87. King, R. (2012). Mobile devices have positive impact on education, survey says. Retrieved from http://www.zdnet.com/blog/btl/mobile-devices-have-positive-impact-on-education-survey-says/68028 Knight, S. (2012, September 26). Retrieved March 17, 2014, from http://www.techspot.com/news/50310-smartphones-cure-boredom-but-is-that-necessarily-a-good-thing.html Lee, C.-s. (2012). Smartphone addiction: disease or obsession? Retrieved March 18, 2014, from Korea Times: http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/opinon/2012/11/298_117506.html Md. Rashedul Islam, Md. Rofiqul Islam,Tahidul Arafhin Mazumder. (2010). Mobile Application and Its Global Impactà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬-, International Journal of Engineering Technology, IJETIJENS, Vol: 10, No:06, http://www.ijens.org/107506-0909%20ijet-ijens.pdf Mogg, T. (2012). â€Å"Smartphone sales exceed those of PCs for first time, Apple smashes record†. Digital Trend. Retrieved from http://www.digitaltrends.com/mobile/smartphone-sales-exceed-those-of-pcs-for-first-time-apple-smashes-record/ Nam, I. (2013, Jul 23). A rising addiction among youths: Smartphones.Wall StreetJournal (Online). Retrieved March 18, 2014, from http://eserv.uum.edu.my/docview/1411097432?accountid=42599 Russian National Committee on Non Ionizing Radiation Protection , Sanitary Rules of the Ministry of Health (Russia): SanPin 2.1.8/2.2.4.1190-03 point 6.9. Sarwar, M., Soomro, T.R. (2013, March). Impact of smartphone’s on society. European Journal of Scientific Research, 98 (2), 216-226. Retrieved March 18, 2014, from http://www.europeanjournalofscientificresearch.com/ Smith, M. (2011). A Practical Analysis of Smartphone Security. Salvendy (Eds.): Human Interface, Part I , pp. 311–320. Font, S. (2013). How smartphones narrow the achievement gap in education. Retrieved 23 March 2014, from http://mobileworldcapital.com/en/article/78 Teoh, L. (2011). Mobile Stats 2011: 91% Use Mobile Phone to Socialize. Retrieved 16 March 2014, from http://www.biztechday.com/mobile-stats-2011-91-use-mobile-phones-to-socialize/ WHO. (2011). Mobile Phone Use: A Growing Problem of Driver Distraction. Journal of WHO , pp. 1-50.

Price Determination

Price Determination under Monopoly Monopoly is that market form in which a single producer controls the whole supply of a single commodity which has no close substitute. From this definition there are two points that must be noted: (i) Single Producer:  There must be only one producer who may be anindividual, a partnership firm or a joint stock company. Thus single firmconstitutes the industry. The distinction between firm and industry disappearsunder conditions of monopoly. (ii) No Close Substitute:  The commodity produced by the producer must have no closely competing substitutes, if he is to be called a monopolist.This ensuresthat there is no rival of the monopolist. Therefore, the cross elasticity ofdemand between the product of the monopolist and the product of any otherproducer must be very low. PRICE-OUTPUT  DETERMINATION UNDER  MONOPOLY: A firm under monopoly faces a downward sloping demand curve or average revenuecurve. Further, in monopoly, since average revenue fal ls as more units of output are sold,the marginal revenue is less than the average revenue. In other words, under monopolythe MR curve lies below the AR curve. The Equilibrium level in monopoly is that level of output in which marginal revenueequals marginal cost.The producer will continue producer as long as marginal revenueexceeds the marginal cost. At the point where MR is equal to MC the profit will bemaximum and beyond this point the producer will stop producing. It can be seen from the diagram that up till OM output, marginal revenue is greater thanmarginal cost, but beyond OM the marginal revenue is less than marginal cost. Therefore, the monopolist will be in equilibrium at output OM where marginal revenue isequal to marginal cost and the profits are the greatest. The corresponding price in thediagram is MP’ or OP.It can be seen from the diagram at output OM, while MP’  is the average revenue, ML is the average cost, therefore, P’L is the profit per uni t. Now the total profit is equal to P’L (profit per unit) multiply by OM (total output). In the short run, the monopolist has to keep an eye on the variable cost, otherwise he willstop producing. In the long run, the monopolist can change the size of plant in responseto a change in demand. In the long run, he will make adjustment in the amount of thefactors, fixed and variable, so that MR equals not only to short run MC but also long run  MC

Relationship between Humans and Nature Essay

The relationship between humans and nature is an important topic in which many people contribute ideas to and have done studies on. It is important for people to see that nature is a necessity and that we are responsible for protecting it. In essays and an article, John Steinbeck, Lynn White, Peter Kahn, Rachel Severson, and Jolina Ruckert discuss their beliefs and information they have found to be true about humans and nature living together. In the article â€Å"Americans and the Land†, John Steinbeck talks about the American settlers’ impact on the land. He states that the relationship between humans and nature used to be one of settlers living with or against nature, but has over time come to humans living on or from the land. Steinbeck writes his feelings of humans being very irresponsible in their use of land back in a time when they thought there was an abundance of resources. He writes that people â€Å"burned the forests and changed the rainfall; they swept the buffalo from the plains, blasted the streams, set fire to the grass† (Steinbeck). During the time of the Indians, humans attacked and defended themselves without giving thought to the damage they were causing to their environment around them. To go along with how little Americans thought about the environment, Steinbeck addresses how people went land-mad. Because they had so much of it, â€Å"They cut and burned the forests to make roo m for crops; they abandoned hyknowledge of kindness to the land in order to maintain its usefulness† (Steinbeck). The idea of conservation didn’t much start until after engines and heavy mechanical equipment were in full use. And even since conservation and people finding awe and beauty in  the nation’s national parks, most people don’t think twice about using engines and machines to keep us warm or cool, give us light, or transport us quickly. In response to this essay, I do have to agree that in the past people did not know about the damage they were causing on the earth. However, I disagree with Steinbeck when he says that people do not think twice about using all available technology. I know that through conservation efforts, most everyone is very aware of the impact they have on the environment. Although people are not as in tune with nature as the Native Americans were, I think we could learn from them and appreciate and take more responsibility for nature. Lynn White, Jr.’s essay â€Å"The Historical Roots of Our Ecological Crisis† addresses the relationship between humans and nature by bringing up the issue of what Christianity tells people about their relationship with the environment. It is interesting that White brings up the component of religion in how people treat nature because it is a huge aspect that oftentimes doesn’t get talked about much. White states that Christians believe that God gave them dominance over nature and that it was given to serve man. Because of this dominance that we have, people feel indifferent about exploiting nature and using it to serve themselves. Although I know this is true and is found in Genesis, I believe God intended it differently. I believe that just as God has ultimate rule over the earth and exercises his authority with loving care, he expects humans to do the same with the environment. God was careful in how he made the earth, and He wants us not to be careless and wasteful in how we take care of it. Although, I do agree that this mindset is a problem and has been a problem, so the best way to combat this is to teach Christians to dig deeper in to God’s word to figure out what exactly He means when he says something like that. Peter Kahn, Jr., Rachel L. Severson, and Jolina H. Ruckert discuss the impact on humans of how technological nature is coming to replace actual nature in the essay. In the essay, they come to the conclusion that this replacement causes changes in the physical and psychological well-being of the human species. Kahn, Severson, and Ruckert state that nature is imperative to have in human lives. The authors did a study in which they found that simply  looking outside of a window reduces heart rate which in turn reduces stress. Near the end of the essay, the authors discuss the issue of Environmental Generational Amnesia. This is a condition that humans may face in which, because of â€Å"adapting gradually to the loss of actual nature and to the increase of technological nature, humans will lower the baseline across generations for what counts as a full measure of the human experience and of human flourishing†(Kahn, Severson, and Ruckert, 37). In a study, they figured out that technological nature is better than no nature at all. And they also know that humans have an evolutionary need to affiliate with nature, so we either have to adapt to technological nature, or go extinct. The authors know that talking to people about these environmental issues is becoming harder as most people aren’t aware of or simply don’t believe that they are a problem. I think that this was a very important study to do and shows people the importance and necessity of going out into nature. The relationship between humans and nature is important to everyone because we really can’t escape the fact that we are living together. Knowing the history of why nature is so important to humans can help create a sense of responsibility for its well-being which in turn should unite people to try to make a difference in how we are treating it and using current technology. Because of Kahn, Severson, and Ruckert we now know that nature is something that humans innately need and that increases our health. Reading the ideas and conclusions of these authors about this topic has made me wonder about what my own stance on nature is, how my faith effects that, and if I am substituting technological nature for real nature. Works Cited Kahn, Peter. Severson, Rachel. Ruckert, Jolina. _The Human Relation with Nature and_ _Technological Nature._ (2009). http://depts.washington.edu/hints/publications/Human_Relation_ Technological_Nature.pdf Steinbeck, John. _Americans and the Land._ https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&pid=sites&srcid=ZGVmYXVsdGRvbWFpbnxlbmdsaXNoMTEwMzI4bGN8Z3g6NGIwMDEzNDA4NDhhYzEw White, Lynn. _The Historical Roots of Our Ecological Crisis._ (1974). http://www.uvm.edu/~gflomenh/ENV-NGO-PA395/articles/Lynn-White.pdf